This course will introduce the students to disruptions in the normal body functioning in adults. It includes the study of humans’ cell biology and causes of cellular injuries. It focuses on the disorders related to immune system including hypersensitivity and autoimmune disorders as well as acquired immune deficiency syndrome.  The physiology of pain and pain management is also included. This course also discusses the hematopoietic functions including white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets related disorders. Cardiovascular disorders including cardiovascular alterations resulting in decreased cardiac output and resulting in altered tissue perfusion. Moreover, the respiratory system disorders including respiratory alterations resulting in altered tissue perfusion, impair ventilation, and perfusion. Lastly, endocrine related disorders including DM, disorders of the parathyroid gland, thyroid gland, and adrenal gland.